Dr Olivier Morin

“On the Puzzle of Ideography”

An ideography is a general-purpose code made of pictures that do not encode language, which can be used autonomously – not just as a mnemonic prop – to encode information on a broad range of topics. Why are viable ideographies so hard to find? I contend that self-sufficient graphic codes need to be narrowly specialized. Writing systems are only an apparent exception: at their core, they are notations of a spoken language. Even if they also encode non-linguistic information, they are useless to someone who lacks linguistic competence in the encoded language or a related one. The versatility of writing is thus vicarious: writing borrows it from spoken language. Why is it so difficult to build a fully generalist graphic code? The most widespread answer points to a learnability problem. We possess specialized cognitive resources for learning spoken language, but lack them for graphic codes. I argue in favor of a different account: what is difficult about graphic codes is not so much learning or teaching them as getting every user to learn and teach the same code. This standardization problem does not affect spoken or signed languages as much. Those are based on cheap and transient signals, allowing for easy online repairing of miscommunication, and require face-to-face interactions where the advantages of common ground are maximized. Graphic codes lack these advantages, which makes them smaller in size and more specialized.

Biography
Olivier Morin is a CNRS researcher at the Institut Jean Nicod (PSLUniversity, Paris). His research focuses on cultural transmission and its cognitive prerequisites. His book, How Traditions Live and Die (2016), seeks to explain the long-term survival of culturally evolved practices. His more recent work focuses on the cultural evolution of graphic communication – the human ability to transmit information by means of images. His publications span anthropology, cognitive science, and behavioral ecology.

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